Abstract Objective: In this study, a comparative evaluation of the physicochemical properties of Cention N and other direct restorative materials was performed. Three restorative materials—a resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC), an alkasite-based resinous material (Cention N), and a resin composite (Tetric N Ceram)—were characterized in terms of degree of conversion, Knoop hardness number (KHN) ratio, flexural strength, elastic modulus, water sorption, water solubility, microshear bond strength to dentin, immediate microleakage, and radiopacity. Methodology: The microshear bond strength to dentin and microleakage of Cention N were evaluated with and without the application of an adhesive system (Tetric N Bond Universal). A one-way ANOVA test was used to analyze the data in terms of degree of conversion, KHN ratio, water sorption, water solubility, microshear bond strength to dentin, and radiopacity. A two-way ANOVA test (carried out considering the material type and ethanol aging as factors) was used to analyze the data in terms of flexural strength and elastic modulus. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to statistically analyze the data on microleakage. A significance level of α=0.05 was used for all tests. Results: Fuji II LC was found to have the highest degree of conversion, water sorption, and microleakage, as well as the lowest flexural strength. Cention N had the highest solubility; when used with an adhesive system, it achieved bond strength and microleakage similar to those of the Tetric N Ceram composite. Tetric N Ceram had the highest degree of conversion, KHN ratio, and radiopacity. Conclusion: The properties of Cention N validate its efficacy as an alternative direct restorative material when used in conjunction with an adhesive system.

RESUMEN En los últimos años, el cambio en la comercialización de la leche hacia una estructura de precios estandarizada a partir de los componentes lácteos ha puesto un mayor énfasis en la concentración lipídica y proteica sobre la cantidad de L o kg de leche producidos. En virtud de lo anterior, el contenido nutricional de la leche de cabra supera al contenido nutricional de la leche de vaca, en lo que respecta a proteínas y grasas, y son los lactocitos de la gandula mamaria caprina, quienes deben replicarse y sintetizar estos componentes lácteos. Por lo tanto, esta revisión considera de manera inicial la comprensión de la anatomía e histología de la glándula mamaria como responsable de todas las actividades vinculadas al mecanismo de eyección de la leche. El desarrollo de la glándula mamaria determina todos los aspectos del comportamiento celular, por lo que se revisa su desarrollo a través de cuatro etapas: i) mamogénesis, ii) lactogénesis, iii) galactopoyesis, y iv) involución. El resto de la revisión hace hincapié en la lipogénesis y la proteogenesis láctea, debido a sus diversas funciones dentro del metabolismo celular y la producción de la fracción lipídica y fracción proteica de la leche.

ABSTRACT In recent years, the shift in milk marketing towards a standardized price structure based on dairy components has placed greater emphasis on lipid and protein concentration over the quantity of L or kg of milk produced. The nutritional content of goat's milk exceeds the nutritional content of cow's milk, in terms of proteins and fats, and it is the lactocytes of the caprine mammary gland, which must replicate and synthesize these components dairy products. Therefore, this review initially considers the understanding of the anatomy and histology of the mammary gland as responsible for all the activities related to the milk ejection mechanism. The development of the mammary gland determines all aspects of cell behavior, so its development is reviewed through four stages: i) mammogenesis, ii) lactogenesis, iii) galactopoiesis, and iv) involution. The remainder of the review emphasizes milk lipogenesis and proteogenesis, due to their various roles within cellular metabolism and the production of the lipid fraction and protein fraction of milk.

Resumen Introducción: La cuenca media del río Bogotá viene sufriendo contaminación por metales pesados debido a los vertidos industriales. Esta fuente de agua ha sido utilizada para el riego de cultivos de ciclo corto, lo que ha provocado la contaminación por metales pesados de los suelos productivos. Objetivo: Evaluar un proceso de fitorremediación con las especies de Brócoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) y Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.) en suelos contaminados con metales pesados en Mosquera, Colombia. Métodos: El muestreo se realizó con un diseño factorial al azar: a) proporciones de cilantro/brócoli (30 cilantro/70 brócoli, 50/50, 70 cilantro/30 brócoli y dos controles de tipo monocultivo de cada especie) y b) tiempo de fitorremediación (3, 6 y 9 meses), cada tratamiento con cuatro parcelas experimentales. El suelo y el tejido vegetal se analizó mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica para determinar la concentración de los metales pesados. Resultados: Las concentraciones de metales pesados en las muestras de tejido vegetal para brócoli y cilantro mostraron valores de Cd, Pb y Cr más altos que Hg y As, respecto al control. Las concentraciones de Cd, Pb y Cr presentaron valores significativamente más altos (P < 0.05) en suelos con cilantro y brócoli mezclados, respecto al sitio de control donde la concentración de Cd registró niveles significativamente más bajos que en los otros suelos. Las concentraciones de Cd, Pb y Cr fueron más altas en tejidos de cilantro y en suelos con cilantro en comparación con el control. Conclusiones: La fitorremediación por medio de las especies Brassica oleracea var. itálica Plenck y Coriandrum sativum L. en proporciones 70/30 o 30/70 a suelos con pH entre 5.5 y 6.0 permiten una buena recuperación de suelos con contenidos de metales pesados en términos de concentraciones altas a cortos plazos, iniciando la biorremediación a los tres meses y finalizando cargas de disponibilidad variable a los nueve meses.

Abstract Introduction: The middle basin of the Bogotá River has been suffering from heavy metal contamination due to industrial discharges. This water source has been used to irrigate short-cycle crops, which has resulted in heavy metal contamination of productive soils. Objective: To evaluate a phytoremediation process with the plant species Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica plenck) and Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.) in soils contaminated with heavy metals in Mosquera, Colombia. Methods: Sampling was performed with a randomized factorial design: a) cilantro/broccoli proportions (30 cilantro/70 broccoli, 50/50, 70 cilantro/30 broccoli and two monoculture type controls of each species) and b) phytoremediation time (3, 6 and 9 months), each treatment with four experimental plots. Soil and plant tissue were analyzed in the laboratory by atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the concentration of heavy metals. Results: The concentrations of heavy metals in plant tissue samples for broccoli and cilantro showed higher values of Cd, Pb and Cr than Hg and As, with respect to the control. The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cr presented significantly higher values (P < 0.05) in soil where there was a mixed presence of cilantro and broccoli, with respect to the control site where the concentration of Cd registered significantly lower levels than in the other soils. Finally, Cd, Pb and Cr concentrations were higher in cilantro tissues and in soils with cilantro compared to the control. Conclusions: Phytoremediation by means of Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck and Coriandrum sativum L. in 70/30 or 30/70 proportions in soils with pH between 5.5 and 6.0 allows a good recovery of soils with heavy metal contents in terms of high concentrations in short terms, starting bioremediation after three months and ending loads of variable availability after nine months.

Abstract Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second cause of cancer death in the world and is estimated to have been responsible for almost 935,000 deaths during 2020. Objective: Describe clinicopathological features, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in CRC patients under 30 years. Method: This is a retrospective cohort study in patients under 30 years diagnosed with CRC. Results: From 2017 to 2021, 1823 patients were diagnosed with CRC, of which 54 (2.96%) were under 30 years. The OS, during 4 years, was 41.5%. The clinical stage found IV (hazard ratio [HR]: 6.212; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.504-15.414; p < 0.001), giving neoadjuvant therapy (HR: 0.705; 95% CI: 0.499-0.996; p = 0.047) and no medical history of Lynch syndrome (HR: 3.925; 95% CI: 1.355-11.364; p = 0.012) are independent predictors of mortality. The PFS, during 4 years, was 21.3%. Clinical stage IV (HR: 2.418; 95% CI: 1.000-5.850; p < 0.050), and no diagnosis of Lynch syndrome (HR: 3.800; 95% CI: 1.398-10.326; p = 0.009) are independent predictors. Conclusions: Younger patients are usually diagnosed with CRC in advanced stages. Early symptoms and evaluation, irrespective of age, are crucial.

Resumen Antecedentes: El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer en el mundo y se estima que fue responsable de casi 935,000 muertes durante el año 2020. Objetivo: Describir las características clinicopatológicas, la supervivencia global (SG) y la supervivencia libre de progresión (SLP) en pacientes con CCR menores de 30 años. Método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en pacientes con diagnóstico de CCR menores de 30 años. Resultados: Entre 2017 y 2021 se diagnosticaron 1823 pacientes con CCR, de los cuales 54 (2.96%) eran menores de 30 años. La SG a 4 años fue del 41.5%. Se encontró que la etapa clínica IV (hazard ratio [HR]: 6.212; intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 2.504-15.414; p < 0.001), recibir tratamiento neoadyuvante (HR: 0.705; IC95%: 0.499-0.996; p = 0.047) y no tener antecedente de síndrome de Lynch (HR:3.925; IC95%: 1.355-11.364; p = 0.012) son predictores de mortalidad independientes. La SLP a 4 años fue del 21.3%. La etapa clínica IV (HR: 2.418; IC95%: 1.000-5.850; p < 0.050) y el no contar con diagnóstico de síndrome de Lynch (HR: 3.800; IC95%: 1.398-10.326; p = 0.009) son predictores independientes. Conclusiones: Los pacientes jóvenes son diagnosticados con CCR en etapas avanzadas. Los síntomas iniciales, junto con la evaluación, independientemente de la edad, son cruciales.

Abstract Sudden death occurs within 24 hours after the onset of symptoms and is characterized by being clinically inexplicable, sudden, and unexpected. Due to the nature of sudden death, it is not possible an accurate diagnosis without performing an autopsy. In this brief communication, we will evaluate the case of a 33-year-old cruise employee, with no prior medical/pharmacological history, who suddenly died while resting in his cabin. Due to initial suspicions of a possible cocaine overdose death, a comprehensive toxicology panel was performed, although yielding a negative result. A cranial computed tomography without contrast reversed the initial hypothesis and the neuropathological autopsy -surprisingly- confirmed that the true cause of death was the rupture of an unknown saccular aneurysm in the Circle of Willis.

Resumen La muerte súbita es aquella que ocurre dentro de las 24 horas posteriores al inicio de los síntomas y se caracteriza por ser clínicamente inexplicable, inesperada y repentina. Debido a la naturaleza de la muerte súbita, no es posible llegar a un diagnóstico preciso sin una autopsia. En esta comunicación breve, evaluaremos el caso de un empleado de crucero de 33 años, sin historial médico/farmacológico previo, el cual falleció súbitamente mientras reposaba en su camarote. Debido a las sospechas iniciales de una posible muerte causada por una sobredosis de cocaína, se le realizó un panel toxicológico abarcador el cual resultó negativo. Empero, una tomografía computarizada (TC) craneal sin contraste revirtió la hipótesis inicial y la autopsia neuropatológica -sorpresivamente- confirmó que la verdadera causa de muerte fue la ruptura de un aneurisma sacular desconocido en el polígono de Willis.

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize cabbage production systems in four rural cooperatives in Jinotega, with emphasis on socioeconomic, agronomic, and phytosanitary aspects. A prospective, cross-sectional, non-experimental study was carried out, 60 production systems were evaluated, the information obtained proceeding from primary sources (surveys and interviews), the variables were subjected to a descriptive analysis. The age of the producers was in the range of 20 to 80 years, their main economic activity is agriculture, with levels of initial literacy levels, housing conditions are in the range of fair to good, the cultivated area ranges between 0,34 to 5,0 hectares, they have training, the main crop management practices were: weed management, soil preparation, use of traps, monitoring of pests and diseases, use of certified seeds, use of resistant varieties, stubble management and irrigation. The main diseases are: Rhizoctonia spp Xanthomonas spp, Alternaria spp and Mycosphaerella spp and insect pests Plutella xylostella L, Brevicoryne spp and Mites. All controlled through synthetic chemical management.

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar sistemas productivos de repollo en cuatro cooperativas rurales en Jinotega, con énfasis en aspectos socioeconómicos, agronómicos y fitosanitarios. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, transversal de tipo no experimental, se evaluaron 60 sistemas de producción, la información obtenida fue de fuentes primarias (encuestas y entrevistas), las variables fueron sometidas a un análisis descriptivo. La edad de los productores estuvo en un rango de 20 a 80 años, su principal actividad económica es la agricultura, con niveles de educación inicial, las condiciones de la vivienda están en el rango de regular a buena, el área cultivada oscila entre 0,34 a 5,0 ha, cuentan con capacitación, las principales prácticas de manejo del cultivo fueron: manejo de arvenses, preparación del suelo, uso de trampas, monitoreo de plagas y enfermedades, uso de semillas certificadas, variedades resistentes, manejo de rastrojo y riego. Las principales enfermedades son: Rhizoctonia spp, Xanthomonas spp, Alternaria spp y Mycosphaerella spp y plagas insectiles Plutella xylostella L. Brevicoryne spp y ácaros. Todas controladas mediante el manejo químico sintético.

Resumen En los últimos años en la agricultura ha existido una creciente necesidad de disminuir y sustituir el uso de químicos sintéticos por la aplicación de extractos vegetales y aceites esenciales en los cultivos para el control de fitopatógenos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar in vitro el efecto del aceite esencial y extracto acuoso de la especie vegetal Lippia palmeri W. colectada en Sonora, México. La actividad antifúngica se realizó mediante el método de difusión en agar sobre los hongos fitopatógenos Fusarium oxysporum y Thanatephorus sp. Se determinó el porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento micelial de las dosis de aceite esencial 0, 100, 150, 200, 250 y 300 µL/mL y del extracto acuoso liofilizado 0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 y 0.30 g, el cual fue evaluado mediante un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y posterior comparación de medias de Tukey (p ≤ 0.05). El aceite esencial y el carvacrol de Lippia palmeri W. lograron inhibir al 100 % el crecimiento de Fusarium oxysporum a diferencia de Thanatephorus sp. que obtuvo entre 90 y 100 %. El extracto acuoso inhibió según la dosis aplicada a F. oxysporum entre el 20 y 100 % y para Thenatephorus sp. fue de 10 a 100 %.

Abstract In recent years there has been a growing need in agriculture to reduce and replace the use of synthetic chemicals with the application of plant extracts and essential oils in crops for the control of phytopathogens. The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro effect of the essential oil and aqueous extract of the plant species Lippia palmeri W. collected in the state of Sonora, Mexico. The antifungal activity was determined by the agar diffusion method on the Fusarium oxysporum and Thanatephorus sp. phytopathogenic fungi. The percentage of inhibition of mycelial growth of the dose of essential oil 0, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 µL/mL and of the lyophilized aqueous extract 0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 g will be decreased, which was evaluated through an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and its subsequent Tukey comparison of means (p ≤ 0.05). The essential oil and carvacrol of Lippia palmeri W. managed to inhibit 100 % of the growth of Fusarium oxysporum, unlike Thanatephorus sp., which obtained between 90 and 100 %. Depending on the dose applied, the aqueous extract inhibited F. oxysporum between 20 and 100 % and Thenatephorus sp. it was from 10 to 100 %.

Resumen Centroamérica es una región caracterizada por la extrema desigualdad. En este estudio pionero en su campo, analizamos cómo 1501 jóvenes centroamericanos/as entre los 14 y 24 años (M=18,7,DE=3,1, 53,3% mujeres) evalúan la injusticia de la desigualdad en su país y qué predictores pueden explicar estas valoraciones. Con un diseño exploratorio y descriptivo, encontramos que donde menos se percibe la desigualdad como injusta es en Nicaragua y Costa Rica, seguido de Honduras y donde más injusta se considera es en Guatemala y El Salvador. Dentro de los predictores que aumentan la evaluación de justicia destaca la confianza en las instituciones y dentro de los que disminuyen dicha evaluación resaltan la falta de dinero para pagar la comida y la casa.

Abstract Central America is a region characterized by extreme inequality. In this pioneering study, we analyze how 1,501 young Central Americans between the ages of 14 and 24 (M=18.7, SD=3.1, 53.3% women) evaluate the distributive justice of inequality in their country and what predictors can explain these evaluations. With an exploratory and descriptive design, we find that where inequality is least perceived as unfair is in Nicaragua and Costa Rica, followed by Honduras. It is considered most unfair in Guatemala and El Salvador. Among the predictors that increase the evaluation of justice, trust in institutions stands out, and among those that decrease this evaluation, the lack of money to pay for food and housing stands out.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados a la sobrevida a un año en pacientes postoperados de glioblastoma en un hospital del noreste de México. Material y métodos: Estudio de casos y controles anidado en una cohorte. Se incluyeron pacientes operados de glioblastoma entre 2016 y 2019. Se obtuvo la información sobre factores clínicos y quirúrgicos, se calculó la sobrevida mediante análisis de Kaplan-Meier. El análisis descriptivo se realizó con medianas y rangos, y el inferencial con prueba de χ2, Fisher, t de Student, razón de momios e intervalo de confianza al 95%. Se consideró significativo un valor de p < 0.05. Resultados: Se incluyeron 62 pacientes con glioblastoma, 27 (43.5%) mujeres y 35 (56.5%) hombres, mediana de edad de 56 años (rango: 6-83). La mediana de sobrevida fue de 3.6 meses (1-52), 45 (72.6%) sobrevivieron menos de 12 meses. Los factores asociados a mayor sobrevida fueron: administración de tratamiento adyuvante (p < 0.001), mejor estado funcional (p = 0.001) y ausencia de complicaciones posquirúrgicas (p = 0.034). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes con glioblastoma sobreviven menos de 12 meses y los factores más fuertemente asociados a mayor sobrevida son administración de tratamiento adyuvante, mejor estado funcional del paciente y ausencia de complicaciones posquirúrgicas.

Abstract Objective: To identify factors associated with one-year survival in postoperative glioblastoma patients at a hospital in northeastern Mexico. Material and methods: Nested case-control study. Patients operated on for glioblastoma between 2016-2019 were included. Information about clinical and surgical factors was obtained, survival was calculated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Descriptive analysis was performed with medians and ranges, and inferential analysis with χ2, Fisher and Student t test, odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Sixty-two patients with glioblastoma were included, 27 (43.5%) women and 35 (56.5%) men, median age 56 years (range: 6-83). Median survival was 3.6 months (1-52), 45 (72.6%) survived less than 12 months. The factors associated with a higher survival were administration of adjuvant treatment (p < 0.001), better functional status (p = 0.001), and absence of post-surgical complications (p = 0.034). Conclusions: Most patients with glioblastoma survive less than 12 months and the factors most strongly associated with longer survival are administration of adjuvant treatment, better functional status of the patient and absence of post-surgical complications.

Abstract Preventive behavior and decision-making processes depend greatly on risk perception. Incorporating the affective component in risk assessment provides valuable information for understanding COVID-19-related risk. The study aimed to adapt and validate the COVID-19 Risk Belief Scale and evaluating Intuitive Risk Perception and its association with anxiety and worry. A cross-sectional study was conducted analyzing data from 694 Mexican adults, which was collected through on-line platforms during 2020. The final CFA including 18 items showed adequate goodness-of-fit indices (RMSEA = 0.059, 90% CI [0.053, 0.065]; CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.94; SRMR = 0.044) supporting a five-factor structure. Moderate levels of intuitive risk perception were found, as well as moderate to low levels of worry and somatic anxiety. Significant correlations between both measures and risk perception were observed. This study confirms the importance of the affective component within risk assessment and findings become highly significant considering the current worldwide pandemic conditions.

Abstract Coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) is the most important disease in coffee crops around the world. Currently, there is limited knowledge about mass production methodologies and ex-situ infection of H. vastatrix that lead to the development of different health characterization studies of Coffea or disease phenotyping. In this context, the aim of this research was to develop a simple protocol for the mass production of coffee rust uredospores under controlled conditions and to determine their infection in coffee seedlings. Uredospores of H. vastatrix were collected from infected plants in the “Chontal” coffee-growing area in San Martín, Peru. The viability of uredospore germination was evaluated, and a uredospores suspension (2 x 105 uredospores/mL) was prepared to inoculate coffee seedlings. Incidence and sporulation rates were evaluated after 43 days of inoculation. During the multiplication process of H. vastatrix uredospores, using controlled conditions (23±1 °C, ≈ 80% relative humidity and photoperiod of 16 hours of light) under an innovative system, the first symptoms of chlorosis were observed on coffee leaves 20 days after inoculation. Our findings show a 100% incidence of inoculated coffee plants with an average of 54 mg of H. vastatrix uredospores per plant and a 1.38 x 10-1 mg/cm2 sporulation rate. Finally, here we report a protocol that allows mass multiplication of H. vastatrix uredospores under controlled conditions, that would be useful in any time for coffee leaf rust bioassays.

ABSTRACT This work has been intended for the exhaustive validation of the method for HPLC in reverse phase for the quantification of acetaminophen, methylparaben and propylparaben in formulations of Paracetamol Oral Solution 120 mg/5 mL, of the Medilip Pharmaceutical Laboratory from Bayamo. The following parameters in the process of validation were evaluated: system suitable test, selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, interval of work, robustness, limits of detection and quantification. The methodologies followed according to Resolution 40/2014 of the Center for the State Control of the Quality of the Medicaments and Medical Devices as well as, the Norm Cuban NC TS 368:2010, Guide for the validation of methods of chemical assay. The proposed method was selective, linear, robust, accurate and precise for the interval of 80 to 120 %. These results demonstrate that the method for the quantification of the acetaminophen and parabens in the quality control of the finished product can be utilized.

RESUMEN Este trabajo ha estado dirigido a la validación exhaustiva del método por HPLC en fase reversa para la cuantificación de acetaminofén, metilparabeno y propilparabeno en formulaciones de Paracetamol solución oral 120 mg/5 mL, del Laboratorio Farmacéutico Medilip de Bayamo. En el proceso de validación fueron evaluados los siguientes parámetros: idoneidad del sistema, selectividad, linealidad, precisión, exactitud, intervalo de trabajo, robustez, límites de detección y cuantificación. Se siguieron las metodologías según Resolución 40/2014 del Centro para el Control Estatal de la Calidad de los Medicamentos y Dispositivos Médicos, así como, la Norma Cubana NC TS 368:2010, Guía para la validación de métodos de ensayo químicos. El método propuesto fue selectivo, lineal, robusto, exacto y preciso para el intervalo de 80 a 120 %. Estos resultados demuestran que el método puede ser utilizado para la cuantificación de acetaminofén, y los parabenos para el control de la calidad del producto terminado.

Resumen Introducción: La prevención, identificación, análisis y reducción de los eventos adversos (EA), son actividades direccionadas a incrementar la seguridad de la atención en el entorno clínico. El estudio de los casos cerrados es una estrategia que permite identificar problemas relacionados con la seguridad del paciente. En este estudio se analizan eventos adversos conducentes a procesos medicolegales cerrados contra anestesiólogos afiliados a un fondo de aseguramiento en Colombia entre 2013-2019. Objetivo: Analizar los eventos adversos en procesos medicolegales cerrados de anestesiólogos afiliados a un fondo de aseguramiento entre 2013-2019. Métodos: Estudio observacional de corte transversal. Se analizó una muestra a conveniencia en la que se incluyeron todos los casos cerrados en los que anestesiólogos afiliados a un fondo de aseguramiento en Colombia fueron objeto de reclamaciones en el período de observación. Se analizaron variables relacionadas con la presentación del EA. Resultados: Se analizaron 71 reclamaciones, de las cuales el 33,5 % fueron por EA relacionado con anestesia. Los eventos adversos se encontraron con mayor frecuencia en pacientes ASA I-II (78,9 %), y en procedimientos quirúrgicos (95,8 %). El mayor número de eventos adversos se presentó en cirugía plástica (29,6 %); el evento de mayor proporción fue el fallecimiento del paciente (43,7 %). En un importante número de casos se demostró fallos en el registro de la historia clínica e incumplimiento de normas. Conclusiones: En relación con un estudio publicado previamente en la misma población, se encuentra un incremento en los procesos éticos, disciplinarios y administrativos, motivados por eventos sin una relación directa con el acto anestésico. La mayoría de eventos adversos relacionados con anestesia se presentan en procedimientos quirúrgicos, en salas de cirugía, en pacientes y procedimientos catalogados como de bajo riesgo, y son en su mayoría prevenibles.

Abstract Introduction: Prevention, identification, analysis and reduction of adverse events (AEs) are all activities designed to increase safety of care in the clinical setting. Closed claims reviews are a strategy that allows to identify patient safety issues. This study analyzes adverse events resulting in malpractice lawsuits against anesthesiologists affiliated to an insurance fund in Colombia between 2013-2019. Objective: To analyze adverse events in closed medicolegal lawsuits against anesthesiologists affiliated to an insurance fund between 2013-2019. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study. Convenience sampling was used, including all closed claims in which anesthesiologists affiliated to an insurance fund in Colombia were sued during the observation period. Variables associated with the occurrence of AEs were analyzed. Results: Overall, 71 claims were analyzed, of which 33.5% were due to anesthesia-related AEs. Adverse events were found more frequently among ASA I-II patients (78.9%), and in surgical procedures (95.8%). The highest number of adverse events occurred in plastic surgery (29.6%); the event with the highest proportion was patient death (43.7%). Flaws in clinical records and failure to comply with the standards were found in a substantial number of cases. Conclusions: When compared with a previously published study in the same population, an increase in ethical, disciplinary and administrative claims was found, driven by events not directly related to anesthesia. Most of the anesthesia-related events occurred in the operating room during surgical procedures in patients and procedures categorized as low risk, and most of them were preventable.

Abstract: The main objective of hydraulics applied in oil well drilling is to ensure cleanliness at the bottom of the well, this consists of keeping in continuous movement the solids or cuttings of the formation, transporting the largest amount of them from the bottom and the annular space to the surface, thus minimizing the existence of unwanted events such as sticking, entrapment, among others. Each oil well has specific geological, geophysical and geomechanical characteristics that must be taken into account for its design, based on technical and scientific considerations that allow the establishment of its mechanical state and its exploitation engineering studies. The rheological behavior of a fluid in these wells cannot be generalized, even if they are separated by a few hundred meters. This paper describes the development of a graphical computational model for the fast and efficient calculation of the various hydraulic aspects associated with onshore oil well drilling. The model is arranged in three stages: First, the position of the drill pipes in the drillstring is evaluated and their pull margin is determined. Then, the hydraulic calculation procedures of national and international companies are developed. Finally, rheological models (Bingham plastic and exponential law) are used for fluid behavior. The model was developed with Microsoft Visual Basic.

RESUMEN En los últimos años, los dispositivos electrónicos fueron los medios para procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje en infantes de 5 años, los cuales necesitaron evolucionar digitalmente para este proceso a través de didácticas o programas virtuales. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo verificar el efecto del programa virtual en el incremento de las nociones matemáticas básicas en infantes de 5 años en tiempos de COVID-19. Estudio aplicado, cuasiexperimental, utilizando el test de evaluación de matemática temprana. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron un aumento significativo del grupo experimental frente al grupo control, incrementando las nociones matemáticas básicas en general, así como en sus dimensiones de comparación, correspondencia, clasificación y seriación. Conclusión: los resultados evidencian que las nociones básicas de las matemáticas pueden ser desarrolladas a través de herramientas virtuales y participación activa de los padres de familia con el acompañamiento del docente de preescolar.

RESUMO Nos últimos anos, os dispositivos eletrônicos foram o meio para os processos de ensino e aprendizagem em crianças de 5 anos, que precisaram evoluir digitalmente para esse processo por meio de programas didáticos ou virtuais. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar o efeito do programa virtual no aumento de noções matemáticas básicas em bebês de 5 anos de idade em tempos de COVID-19. Estudo aplicado, quase-experimental, utilizando o teste de avaliação de matemática precoce. Os resultados obtidos mostraram um aumento significativo no grupo experimental em comparação com o grupo de controle, aumentando as noções matemáticas básicas em geral, bem como nas dimensões de comparação, correspondência, classificação e seriação. Conclusão: Os resultados mostram que as noções básicas de matemática podem ser desenvolvidas por meio de ferramentas virtuais e da participação ativa dos pais com o apoio do professor da pré-escola.

ABSTRACT In recent years, electronic devices were the means for teaching and learning processes in 5-year-old infants, which needed to evolve digitally for this process through didactics or virtual programs. The present research had the objective of verifying the effect of the virtual program in the increase of basic mathematical notions in 5-year-old infants in COVID-19 times. Applied, quasi-experimental study, using the early mathematics assessment test. The results obtained showed a significant increase in the experimental group compared to the control group, increasing basic mathematical notions in general, as well as in the dimensions of comparison, correspondence, classification and seriation. Conclusion: the results show that the basic notions of mathematics can be developed through virtual tools and active participation of parents with the support of the preschool teacher.